Salmonellosis in Poultry

<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px;">Signs, causes, treatment and prevention of Salmonella infection in chickens and other avian species</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><section class="two-columnn-grid mb-1" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #515253; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 1rem !important; width: 1349px;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 1140px;"><div class="row " style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 1140px;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-lg-6 p-0 d-flex flex-wrap" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex !important; flex-wrap: wrap !important; flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; width: 570px;"><section class="content-element ce-regular-text-element" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; position: relative; width: 570px;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 570px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 570px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> is an enteric pathogen that can infect almost all animals, including humans. Salmonellosis in poultry is caused by Gram-negative bacteria from the genus <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>. There are only two species in this genus, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">enterica and bongori</em> (Lin-Hui and Cheng-Hsun, 2007), but almost 2,700 serotypes (serovars), of which around 10% have been isolated from birds.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">In general, most serotypes of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> can infect several animal species (Gast, 2008), such as <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Typhimurium and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Enteritidis. </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Food safety and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> in poultry </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Food safety is a key topic when it comes to commercial poultry production. The main concern related to <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> is that poultry meat and eggs are the most common sources of human infection (food poisoning), while birds can be infected and show no signs of disease.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">The complete eradication of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> from poultry production is an incredibly difficult goal. Applying a combination of strategies including proper management, biosecurity, vaccination protocols, nutritional feed additives, and research are steps in the right direction.  </p></div></div></div></section></div><div class="col-lg-6 p-0 d-flex flex-wrap" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex !important; flex-wrap: wrap !important; flex: 0 0 50%; max-width: 50%; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; width: 570px;"><section class="content-element ce-regular-text-element" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; position: relative; width: 570px;"><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c7877" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c2" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 570px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 100%; max-width: 100%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 570px;"><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Prevalence of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> in commercial poultry </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">The most common serotypes of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> in commercial chickens, turkey and ducks worldwide are:  </p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding-left: 0.625rem;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Gallinarum<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Typhimurium<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Enteritidis<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Heidelberg<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">  </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Montevideo<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">  </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Infantis<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">  </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Mbandaka<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">  </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Kentucky<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">  </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Javiana<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">  </em></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Newport </li></ul></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="content-element ce-regular-text-element" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #515253; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 4rem; position: relative; width: 1349px;"><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c7883" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c2" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 1140px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12 col-md-10 col-xl-8" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 760px;"><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Salmonellosis is not the most devastating poultry disease, but it is one of the most difficult diseases (agent) to control. The main reason is the large variety of serotypes and the very complex epidemiology of this microorganism. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">In addition to the large number of serotypes, the genus <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> exhibits extreme diversity among the serotypes in terms of their characteristics and pathogenicity. Some are more adapted to the intestine and do not go beyond the gut, while others can get into the blood stream and have the ability to colonize the liver and spleen. Some survive longer in the environment, while others are sensitive. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> as a genus are able to infect multiple species, therefore cross infection of serotypes is very common.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">These and other general features <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">of Salmonella </em>make its control difficult. Eradication programs require extensive knowledge and investment. A comprehensive program must be established, not just a single procedure.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">To explore alternatives to control <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>in poultry, we have to divide them into two groups: typhoid and paratyphoid. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-weight: 600;">Table 3. </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> groups and serotypes</p><div class="table-responsive" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-x: auto; width: 724px;"><table class="table" style="border-radius: 0.5rem; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 132, 61); color: #5b5c5d; margin-bottom: 2rem; overflow: hidden; width: 724px;"><thead style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="background-color: #00843d; box-sizing: border-box; color: white;"><th scope="col" style="border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 2.25rem; text-align: inherit;">Group</th><th scope="col" style="border-top: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 2.25rem; text-align: inherit;">Serotypes</th></tr></thead><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border-left: none; border-top: 1px solid rgba(216, 216, 216, 0.16); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 2.25rem; vertical-align: top;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Typhoid group </p></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgba(216, 216, 216, 0.16); border-top: 1px solid rgba(216, 216, 216, 0.16); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 2.25rem; vertical-align: top;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Pullorum<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </em></p></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f7f8f9; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border-left: none; border-top: 1px solid rgba(216, 216, 216, 0.16); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 2.25rem; vertical-align: top;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Paratyphoid group </p></td><td style="border-left: 1px solid rgba(216, 216, 216, 0.16); border-top: 1px solid rgba(216, 216, 216, 0.16); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 0.5625rem 2.25rem; vertical-align: top;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">All other serotypes </p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">The typhoid group includes two members: <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Pullorum. The paratyphoid group contains all other serotypes of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Nowadays, in a global market, raising birds free of typhoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> is essential for broiler producers that want to remain competitive. For the control of typhoid infection in poultry, we have to focus on good biosecurity, all-in all- out management of the flock, and potentially the use of vaccines (if available). In case of outbreaks, the eradication procedure is costly, but, in the end, it is more efficient and results in better economics. When done properly and associated with biosecurity, it works very well.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">The difficulties for the control of paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> are greater. There is no single procedure that guarantees a positive flock to become negative. Additionally, a negative flock can become infected due to a variety of contamination vectors. Rigorous biosecurity can minimize the chances for paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>, but cannot guarantee absolute control. It is important to remember that not all <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> are the same: some respond to a certain product or treatment strategy better than others. We must be aware of which one is working better with the serotype that we are dealing with in order to get the best results.  </p><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 1.875rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Typhoid group: <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Pullorum </h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">This group is represented by only two serotypes. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Gallinarum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Pullorum, the causative agents of fowl typhoid and Pullorum disease, respectively, are specific to poultry and found mainly in chickens and turkeys.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Among the 2,700 serotypes, only these two can cause a high mortality rates in birds. They can be transmitted both horizontally within a flock and vertically from generation to generation. Once the flock is infected the survivors will remain carriers forever (Shivaprasad and Barrow, 2008). Because of these characteristics, the commercial poultry meat industry worldwide uses eradication as a standard control procedure.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">A company or a producer that has positive breeders or broiler flocks will have a hard time competing with other companies or producers that are free of typhoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>. Considering that, in case of an outbreak, eradication becomes the rule. The use of antibiotics can be a strategy to reduce mortality in breeders, layers, and broilers, but the flock remains positive and becomes a source of infection for other flocks. It is important to consider that the eradication procedure works well to control outbreaks of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">/Salmonella </em>Pullorum, but needs to be followed by good biosecurity procedures.  </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Biosecurity and sources of contamination  </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Because <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">/Salmonella </em>Pullorum are found mainly in chickens and turkeys, avoiding contact with these birds outside of the farm is the key to prevention.  </p></div></div></div></section><section class="content-element ce-media" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #515253; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 4.6875rem; position: relative; width: 1349px;"><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c7884" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c2" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 1140px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-md-10 col-xl-8 text-center" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; text-align: center !important; width: 760px;"><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem;"><a class="photoswipe ce-media-link" data-photoswipe-title="Figure 4. Sources of poultry farm contamination | Source: BIOMIN" data-photoswipe="gallery-group-7884" data-size="1197x800" href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com/2022/10/salmonellosis-in-poultry.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; display: block; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="ce-media-link-badge" style="background-color: #00843d; border-radius: 50%; bottom: 0.9375rem; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; opacity: 0; padding: 0.4375rem 0.6875rem; position: absolute; right: 0.9375rem; transition: background-color 0.3s ease 0s, opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><svg aria-label="Icon gallery" class="icon icon-gallery" height="16" viewbox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M14.67,10.74V2.58a1.25,1.25,0,0,0-1.25-1.25H2.58A1.25,1.25,0,0,0,1.33,2.58V8.24L4,5.62a.41.41,0,0,1,.58,0l4.71,4.71,2.21-2.21a.41.41,0,0,1,.58,0Zm0,1.18L11.75,9l-2.21,2.2a.41.41,0,0,1-.58,0L4.25,6.51,1.33,9.42v4a1.25,1.25,0,0,0,1.25,1.25H13.42a1.25,1.25,0,0,0,1.25-1.25ZM.5,2.58A2.08,2.08,0,0,1,2.58.5H13.42A2.08,2.08,0,0,1,15.5,2.58V13.42a2.08,2.08,0,0,1-2.08,2.08H2.58A2.08,2.08,0,0,1,.5,13.42ZM10.5,3h1.67a.83.83,0,0,1,.83.83V5.5a.83.83,0,0,1-.83.83H10.5a.83.83,0,0,1-.83-.83V3.83A.83.83,0,0,1,10.5,3Zm0,.83V5.5h1.67V3.83Z" style="fill-rule: evenodd;"></path></svg></div><img alt="Poultry farm contamination" class="figure-img ce-media-link-image img-fluid" data-src="/fileadmin/_processed_/f/0/csm_Figure_4_Sources_of_poultry_farm_contamination_02123eee58.png" lazy="loaded" src="https://www.biomin.net/fileadmin/_processed_/f/0/csm_Figure_4_Sources_of_poultry_farm_contamination_02123eee58.png" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com/2022/10/salmonellosis-in-poultry.html" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-align: left;">Figure 4.</figcaption></figure></div></div></div></section><section class="content-element ce-regular-text-element" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #515253; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 4rem; position: relative; width: 1349px;"><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c7885" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><a class="content-element-scroll-anchor" id="c2" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; display: block; position: relative; top: -9.5rem; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; visibility: hidden;"></a><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 1140px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12 col-md-10 col-xl-8" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 760px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Good biosecurity is key in preventing the infection from getting into the farms. In our experience, humans as carriers are the main source of typhoid infection, and backyard chickens are the most important reservoir of these bacteria. Most of the time, employees are the ones that have contact with an infected chicken and then introduce the infection into a clean flock. A comprehensive biosecurity program will cover all potential sources of poultry farm contamination.  </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Vaccination </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">A vaccine called 9R, used for typhoid infection, is available worldwide. It is a rough strain of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella Gallinarum</em> (Shivaprasad and Barrow, 2008), but in most countries, it is not allowed in broilers, because it interferes in the serology monitoring of chicken meat. If used, it will protect against both <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella gallinarum</em> and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella pullorum</em>. </p><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 1.875rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum in egg production </h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">In case of laying chickens (eggs), the frequency of typhoid infection, mainly caused by <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>Gallinarum, is a lot higher worldwide when compared to that of broiler flocks. The main reason is the lack of good biosecurity. Most of the layer farms have multiple ages, which do not allow all-in all-out management, compromising biosecurity.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Once the infection is  established, it becomes impossible to eradicate, unless the whole farm is cleaned. For that reason, most of the layer flocks are vaccinated with 9R. The vaccine avoids high mortality and reduces egg production, but the infection can still occur. </p><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 1.875rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Parathyphoid group  </h4><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">This group is represented by all other serotypes of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> except for the two in the typhoid group. As a general rule, paratyphoid types do not cause mortality in poultry and do not interfere with performance.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">The main reason to establish a control program is to reduce or avoid human infection by consuming contaminated meat and eggs. The control strategies are a lot more complex than for the typhoid group.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-weight: 600;">The main factors that add complexity in paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control strategies: </span></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding-left: 0.625rem;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">A variety of animals, including mammals, can be a source of cross-infection in birds </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">The bacteria are widespread in nature and able to survive weeks or months  </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">Once a flock is infected, the amount of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> can be reduced, but not completely eliminated </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">A single flock can be infected with more than one serotype  </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">Limited benefit of vaccine use because there is minimal or no protection among different serotypes (vaccine for <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Enteritidis does not protect against <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S. </em>Typhimurium)</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">Treatment with antibiotics can reduce the number of excreted bacteria, but does not eliminate them completely </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2.22222; padding-left: 1.25rem; position: relative;">Infected birds are asymptomatic and do not present signs of the disease </li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">As a result, effective control cannot be based on one or two procedures. Rather, the whole chain must be involved: breeders, hatchery, grow-out, feed, and processing plant. It is important to point out that the port of entry for paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> in a broiler flock is the same for breeders.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;">Salmonella</em><span style="color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;"> </span><span style="color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;">control program  </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Therefore, the challenge in establishing a <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control program is to consider its very complex epidemiology and the entire production chain involved.  </p></div></div></div></section><section class="content-element ce-regular-text-element" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #515253; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 4rem; position: relative; width: 1349px;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 1140px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12 col-md-10 col-xl-8" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 760px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Setting up a monitoring program and serotyping the isolates are essential to any control program. The program has to start with the knowledge of the final product, generally at the processing plant. If <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> is present, its serotype needs to be identified. Once the serotype is known,  obtaining isolates and serotyping along the production chain (breeders, hatchery, grow-out, and feed) is needed to find the source of contamination. This will dictate what control program is required and at what stage intervention is needed. For example, if the same serotype is found in the breeders, then our focus for control should be in the breeders. If we do not find <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> in the day-old chick, but instead find it in the feed, our emphasis for the control should be in the feed and not in the breeders.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Sometimes multiple sources may be identified; in this case all of them need to be considered for the control program. The main sources of infection and products/procedures available for the control program in the chain of poultry production are described below. </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Breeders and paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control  </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">When breeders are positive for paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>, it is important to identify the source of infection: from the grandparents or acquired on the farm. If the infection was acquired on farm, then we have to reinforce biosecurity, rodent control, cleaning and disinfection, downtime, other animal contact, visitors, repair crew, and vaccination team. Any equipment introduced into the farm has the potential of carrying <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>. In certain circumstances, vaccines may be used in breeders. Products in the feed can also be used (see feed mill section). </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Feed mills and paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Feed can be an important source of infection for paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> (less so for Typhoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>). The feed mill environment, feed ingredients, and the delivered feed must be monitored <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">for Salmonella</em>, because they are a potential source (Jones, 2011). The feed pelletizing process destroys <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>, but contamination can occur during cooling and transportation of the feed.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Animal by-products are common sources <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">of Salmonella in</em> a feed mill, they also have to be monitored and treated, if necessary. Soybean can also be a source of infection, corn to a lesser degree.  The feed can be used to deliver products that reduce <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> infection in poultry such as antimicrobials, probiotics, organic acids, MOS, phytogenic feed additives, and others. Not all products have the same mechanism of action, but most of them have been shown to contribute to reducing <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> risk and should be used acco</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;">Hatchery and</span><span style="color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;">Salmonella</em><span style="color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;"> </span><span style="color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem;">control </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> is transmitted vertically, thus breeder flocks positive for typhoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> will result in positive chicks. Proper management, cleaning, and disinfection of the hatchery all contribute to limiting lateral spread of Salmonella from positive to negative flocks  </p></div></div></div></section><section class="content-element ce-regular-text-element" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #515253; font-family: Metropolis, "Superscript Symbols", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 4rem; position: relative; width: 1349px;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; width: 1140px;"><div class="row justify-content-center" style="-webkit-box-pack: center !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: 100%; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center !important; margin-left: -18px; margin-right: -18px;"><div class="col-12 col-md-10 col-xl-8" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; box-sizing: border-box; flex: 0 0 66.6667%; max-width: 66.6667%; padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; position: relative; width: 760px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">To reduce the transmission of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> from positive flock to negative ones, eggs from positive flocks must be incubated and hatched separately. Therefore, a well-managed hatchery can avoid cross contamination, but will not eliminate <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> from incoming eggs from a positive breeder flock. Probiotics, antimicrobials, and potentially vaccines can be delivered in the hatchery and help with overall <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control. </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Broiler grow-out and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">For typhoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> not much intervention can be done at grow-out for a positive flock other than treatment with antibiotics. Because of the short life of the broiler, infection by <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella G</em>allinarum<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">/Salmonella </em>Pullorum almost always comes from the breeder and not from the field.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">For paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>, the infection can come from the breeder, but can also occur during the rearing period. Various possible sources of infection are the previous flock, delivered feed, rodents and wild animals, backyard chickens, neighbors, other animals in the farm, poor cleaning and disinfection, bird disposal, and humans such as employees/visitors.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">Considering that the port of entry is diverse, it is necessary to have a comprehensive monitoring program to understand where the source of contamination is. Additionally, a short downtime (less than 2 weeks) and increased bird density has a lot of influence in the presence and persistence of paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella. Salmonella</em> can proliferate if fasting before slaughter and transport time are too long. Antibiotics are not very efficient in controlling <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella </em>infection in grow-out. They can reduce the infection, but as soon as they are removed, the infection can return. Several other products such as probiotics, organic acids, phytogenic feed additives, organic acids, MOS, and vaccines can be used to reduce/control <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>, but they have to be part of a holistic program that includes biosecurity. Because of the complex epidemiology, single pronged strategies are often ineffective. </p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #00843d; font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Processing plant and paratyphoid <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> control </h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">The processing plant can have an important role in the control of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>. This is true for countries that allow the use of chemicals like chlorine during processing and in the chiller. Levels of 5, 10, or 20 ppm can significantly reduce contamination. There are other chemicals that can be used and are efficient as well.  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; margin-top: 0px;">There are countries that allow only a very limited use of chemicals during the processing, which are not effective in the controlling <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> contamination. In this case, the focus for control has to be done before the broiler arrives for slaughter. Good hygiene, cleaning, and disinfection contributes a lot in the control of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em>, therefore they cannot be neglected. There is a link between the processing plant and grow-out, which is the transport system, mainly the coops or cages. A lack of good disinfection of the cages can distribute the bacteria from a positive to a negative flock in the field. This system needs constant attention. </p></div></div></div></section></div>

Salmonellosis in Poultry

Signs, causes, treatment and prevention of Salmonella infection in chickens and other avian species Salmonella  is an enteric pathogen that ...

Read more »

Salmonella in poultry I Mshindo Media

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com/2022/10/salmonella-in-poultry.html" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVImfMJwVVUCEreRf2kxmsOSL3B4EXY4YS3LG9dv55h4s2_RyRzIZOFaURDUDvWuabIqWaNK3rnGjh4lbs_biFQYeOcHxd5IRCw8d55Pf1-L-y534z56Shw368kQlhdr-xLjIfqB8h_3jM3kr8VxZ6Z8nsnNUD6CRB3nM5X9s11Qfa9SE9VnrbloPO1A/s16000/a-chicken-infected-with-Salmonella.jpg" /></a><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Basically, salmonella is </span><b style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">a faecal-oral infection</b><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">. Infected birds can clear themselves of infection after some time, but some excrete bacteria in droppings for several months. It is practically impossible to rid a salmonella infected flock from the infection when kept on permanent bedding</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe; font-family: lato; font-size: 18px;"><i>Salmonella in poultry can be regarded as two types of infection: the first is primarily of importance for public health (what we usually call “salmonella” and which may cause illness in man).</i></span><p></p><div class="__body-text grid-615" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: lato; font-size: 16px; max-width: 650px;"><div class="editor" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 45px; max-width: 615px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Salmonella in humans is from an international perspective often linked to the consumption of eggs, meat or meat products from poultry.  The other type is caused by the serotypes <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Pullorum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Gallinarum. These cause severe disease in poultry but are rare in humans.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">Salmonella</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;"><i>Cause</i></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Poultry can become infected with many different types of salmonella; about 10 percent of all <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> spp. have been detected in poultry. The most important are <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Typhimurium and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Enteritidis. Other serotypes frequently occurring in poultry worldwide are, for example, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Hadar, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Livingstone, and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Senftenberg.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">Disease symptoms</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">In most cases, the birds are not sick and the production is not affected. The degree of illness depends on factors of both the bacteria and the host. The bacterium’s serotype and phage type is of significance but also the type of animal, age and general health status.  <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>.Typhimurium and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S.</em> Enteritidis may induce clinical symptoms in poultry.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">It is mainly in very young chickens aged up to two weeks that salmonella can cause disease and death. The symptoms may vary and include weakness, loss of appetite and poor growth. The animals are crowded close to heat sources and sit with drooping wings and their eyes closed. Watery diarrhoea may also occur. In adult poultry, disease is rarely seen even if they have bacteria in the blood. Infected hatching eggs may lead to low hatchability with increased embryo mortality and increased mortality among newly hatched chickens.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">Spread of infection and preventive measures</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Basically, salmonella is a faecal-oral infection. Infected birds can clear themselves of infection after some time, but some excrete bacteria in droppings for several months. It is practically impossible to rid a salmonella infected flock from the infection when kept on permanent bedding.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Several serotypes have the ability to invade, i.e. they have the ability to infect inner organs and not just the gastrointestinal tract. This leads to increased risk of eggs becoming infected in the fallopian tube of the hen. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Enteritidis has a high ability to invade, but even <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S.</em> Typhimurium, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S.</em> Hadar, and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Heidelberg have some ability to do so. The infection can thus be passed on to humans via infected consumption eggs or to the chicken if the egg is to be hatched.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Poultry usually become infected through contaminated feed, infected animals or eggs, but also through contact with a contaminated environment.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The voluntary salmonella control program for poultry has taken possible routes of infection into account and is based on biosecurity.  Examples of measures taken within the program are requirements to heat-treat all feed thus eliminating any salmonella bacteria. All-in-all-out production, with no introduction of new animals during the production period and a thorough cleaning and disinfecting between batches is also important, as well as strict hygiene measures like changing shoes and washing hands before entering the animal premises and rodent control to prevent infection from the environment. It is also important that wild birds are kept out of contact with poultry, in for example ventilation systems.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">Disease control</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">A voluntary control program for poultry has existed in Sweden since 1970. Since 2007, the program is laid down in a regulation but is administered by the Swedish Egg Association and the Swedish Poultry Meat Association. Besides the voluntary program, there is also a mandatory salmonella control of poultry regulated by one Swedish and several EU legal acts. This makes provisions for poultry to be sampled before slaughter and laying hens during the production period. The surveillance of breeding poultry and hatcheries is particularly important to prevent the spread of infection downstream in the production chain. The legal acts also make provisions for how sampling should be performed to guarantee safe results. If salmonella is detected in poultry the disease is generally controlled by stamping out and cleaning and disinfection of the premises.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Pullorum & <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Gallinarum</h2><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">Cause and host</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Pullorum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salmonella</em> Gallinarum are especially adapted to poultry. They cause diseases known as pullorum disease (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S.</em> Pullorum) and fowl typhoid (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum). Both mainly affect hens and turkeys, but birds of other species may also become infected and fall ill.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Several other animals can also carry these two types of salmonella.  Occasional findings of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S.</em> Pullorum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum are reported in humans. If mammals, including humans, become infected the disease is relatively mild and transient.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">Disease symptoms</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Symptoms in poultry and turkey flocks infected with <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Pullorum or <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum are very similar. It is mainly young birds that develop disease symptoms, including weakness, loss of appetite, poor growth and white, loose droppings. If signs of high mortality, up to 100 per cent, and uneven growth in young chickens (0 to three weeks of age) is noted it is important to investigate if <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Pullorum or <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum could be the cause.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">A reduced hatchability can be seen since chicken foetuses are dying in the egg before hatching, due to the transmission of the bacteria from the hen to the egg before it is laid. The animals can also become infected by direct contact with infected animals and through the droppings, sometimes as early as in the incubator.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum can, unlike <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Pullorum, cause disease in adult birds. Symptoms that can be seen are increased mortality in the flock, poor general condition (such as ruffled feathers, pale and small crest), diarrhoea, decreased feed consumption, reduced egg production and decreased hatchability.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">The chickens that survive infection with <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Pullorum or <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum, as well as birds that are infected in adulthood, often become chronic carriers of the bacteria without seeming ill. These chronic carriers will excrete the bacterium through droppings and eggs for a long time.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">History and disease control</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">Controlling pullorum disease and fowl typhoid has a long historical tradition in Sweden. Already in the 1920´s the poultry industry took, at that time Sweden’s General Poultry Breeding Association, the initiative for mandatory blood testing for the control of poultry farms in the country. In the early 1930´s, the diseases were included in Swedish legislation and they came to be fought very actively and at a considerable cost to the poultry industry and individual animal owners during the following decades. The last case was reported in 1962 and thereafter the disease was considered to be completely eradicated. Nevertheless, in 2001 pullorum disease was detected in two chicken flocks in Stockholm County. The disease was eradicated and has not been detected since. It is unclear how the disease entered the flocks.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">To ensure that Swedish commercial breeding poultry (breeding stock of laying hens as well as chickens and turkeys for fattening) are free of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Pullorum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum the infections are routinely monitored by mandatory blood testing in the so-called Poultry Health Program. There are no records of the status of  pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in backyard poultry. The possibility to detect <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Pullorum and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</em>. Gallinarum in these birds is dependent on animal owners sending in dead animals, blood-, or faecal samples for examination.</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">In case of suspected infection</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">There is a strong determination to prevent pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from becoming endemic in Sweden again.  Mainly because of major disease problems in infected flocks but also because of the hazard it presents to human health (although the symptoms are mild). Therefore, all poultry owners in Sweden are requested to contact a veterinarian when experiencing hatching problems and high mortality in young chickens.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: georgia; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; word-break: break-word;">........................................................................</p></div></div></div>

Salmonella in poultry I Mshindo Media

Basically, salmonella is  a faecal-oral infection . Infected birds can clear themselves of infection after some time, but some excrete bacte...

Read more »

Dondoo za ufugaji bora wa ng’ombe I Mshindo Media

<div 16px="" 255="" background-color:="" class="entry-content" font-size:="" open="" rgb="" sans-serif="" sans="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 15px 0px 0px;"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; margin: 16px 0px;"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-title="Dondoo muhimu za ufugaji bora wa ng’ombe" data-a2a-url="https://mkulimambunifu.org/mifugo/dondoo-muhimu-za-ufugaji-bora-wa-ngombe/" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; line-height: 32px; outline: 0px; touch-action: manipulation;">Ng’ombe ni mifugo ambayo inategemewa sana na wananchi walio wengi hapa nchini. Kuna aina tatu za ng’ombe wafugwao hapa nchini ambayo ni ng’ombe wa kisasa, kienyeji, na machotara.</div></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><a href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com"><img class="alignnone wp-image-3587 size-full" src="https://mkulimambunifu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/20211104_110238-e1646055341283.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; margin: 1.5em auto; max-width: 100%;" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com">Zifuatazo ni faida zipatikanazo na ufugaji wa ng’ombe</a></strong></p><ul style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Chakula kama vile maziwa na nyama</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Mbolea</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Ngozi ambayo hutumika kama malighafi kutengeneza, viatu, mikanda, mikoba, nguo na vitanda</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Kujipatia pesa, pia ni akiba</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Ufahari na huongeza heshima kwa baadhi ya makabila.</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Kupata mapambo kama pembe</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bold;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com">Uthibiti madhubuti wa magonjwa mbalimbali</a></em></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Ili ng’ombe akue vizuri, akupe maziwa mengi na awe na afya nzuri zingatia yafuatayo;</p><ul style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Uchaguzi wa ng’ombe mzuri wa kufuga</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Malisho mazuri tangia akiwa ndama</li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Banda zuri</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com">Chakula cha ng’ombe</a></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Chakula ni kitu muhimu kwa mifugo yote. Ulishaji wa ng’ombe wa maziwa na wengine huanzia toka anapozaliwa (ndama) na ndipo atakapo kuwa na mafanikio mazuri katika uzalishaji.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Ndama anapozaliwa tu anahitaji kupata maziwa ya kwanza (<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">colostrum</em>)  kwa  muda usiopungua   siku   tatu   mfululizo.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><a href="https://www.mshindoveterinarycentre.com"><img alt="" class="alignnone wp-image-3588 size-full" height="366" src="https://mkulimambunifu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/20211104_120108-e1646055485889.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; margin: 1.5em auto; max-width: 100%;" width="650" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Maziwa haya humsaidia kujikinga na magonjwa na pia    humpatia    ndama    virutubisho    vya kutosha.  Baada  ya  hapo  ndama  aendelee kunywa  maziwa  ya  mama  mpaka  atakapofikia   mwezi   mmoja,   aanze   kupatiwa chakula  cha  ziada  (pumba  ya  mahindi  iliyochanganywa  na  mashudu  pamoja  na majani mabichi yaliyokatwa katwa vipande vidogo vidogo).</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Ndama akifikia umri kati ya miezi miwili na sita  unaweza  kumuachisha  kunyonya,  na anatakiwa  apatiwe  chakula  chenye virutubisho  sawa  na  maziwa  ya  mama.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Kwa  mfano  apatiwe  pumba  za  mahindi zilizochanganywa  na  mashudu  na  majanimabichi  (apatiwe  wakati  wote).</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Ngombe jike  wa  kisasa  hufikia  umri  wa  kupandwa akiwa    na    mwaka    mmoja    na    nusu. Ng’ ombe atakapokuwa na mimba ya miezi 7  kama  alikuwa  anakamuliwa  anatakiwa kukaushwa  na  kupatiwa  chakula  chenye virutubisho zaidi.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Nyumba ya ng’ombe</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Nyumba ni muhimu katika ufugaji wa ng’ombe.   Tunashauriwa   kuwahifadhi ng’ombe  katika  banda  lenye  hewa  ya kutosha,  lisilo  na  joto  kali,  lisilopitisha maji  ya  mvua  na  liwe  lenye  nafasi  ya kutosha.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Pia banda la ng’ombe liwe na sakafu   yenye   mteremko   kidogo   kurahisisha usafi wa banda na kuzuia kutuama  kwa  maji  na  mkojo.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Nyumba ya ng’ombe   inatakiwa   iwe   safi   wakati wowote ili kuzuia magonjwa mbalimbali.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #171717; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">..................................................................</p></div>

Dondoo za ufugaji bora wa ng’ombe I Mshindo Media

Ng’ombe ni mifugo ambayo inategemewa sana na wananchi walio wengi hapa nchini. Kuna aina tatu za ng’ombe wafugwao hapa nchini ambayo ni ng’o...

Read more »

How can you control disease in broiler chicken I Mshindo Media

<p><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://mshindoveterinarycentre.com" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIBBaYGg_SkiD5UoqZw2f7MpL_WIv4iMaJlCBHlezFS8r00FC0QmNiWWUyta0ljkeS0aYtjaX0br0j103fCe69DbqHsF-zNa17h4YH9GBk3iRKepFQ0XLl-sjdWdpczXpPKkMBkbbO5addKTRHJ4_w63TGwYbPoIIQ9DQEAgnVgtyc6XvEtlr15c2LQ/s16000/Header-Mshindo-h.png" /></a></b></div><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />Prevention and Control of disease </b><b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">in broiler chicken </span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">In poultry industry primarily emphasis is given more on prevention and control than curative measures. </span><p></p><article class="my-wrapz" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; margin-top: 20px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="post-detail" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; height: auto !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7709923799376615935" itemprop="articleBody" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; height: auto !important; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 723px;"><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; height: auto !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5446932067936670" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="5739172292" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; display: block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"></ins></span></p><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_1_host" style="background: 0px 0px transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 723px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><iframe allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!2" data-google-query-id="CJyTiIvinPoCFRPLsgodBREAtA" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_1" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-5446932067936670&output=html&h=280&slotname=5739172292&adk=2563942552&adf=1179559709&pi=t.ma~as.5739172292&w=723&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1663431472&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=723x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fhow-can-control-disease-in-broiler.html&host=ca-host-pub-1556223355139109&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMC4xLjAiLCJ4ODYiLCIiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSIsW10sZmFsc2UsbnVsbCwiNjQiLFtbIkdvb2dsZSBDaHJvbWUiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSJdLFsiTm90KUE7QnJhbmQiLCI4LjAuMC4wIl0sWyJDaHJvbWl1bSIsIjEwNS4wLjUxOTUuMTI1Il1dLGZhbHNlXQ..&dt=1663449974201&bpp=26&bdt=2273&idt=1238&shv=r20220914&mjsv=m202209080101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D51c4d475adc258d2-22bc6b02e3d500ba%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MbtW35g5hU6TYab-EK4J9DeCSsrwQ&gpic=UID%3D00000ad6986db7a5%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MYb2Y1B2if51-LYVNdiWgsLlGLabQ&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=1&correlator=5633748034067&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=218789184.1663449975&ga_sid=1663449975&ga_hid=1727840105&ga_fc=0&u_tz=180&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=126&ady=458&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44759875%2C44759926%2C44759842%2C31068920&oid=2&pvsid=4124662784846848&tmod=979650937&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CpoeE%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=2&uci=a!2&fsb=1&xpc=bVO0Ueqjae&p=https%3A//www.poultry1.com&dtd=1254" style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; height: 280px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 723px;" vspace="0" width="723"></iframe></div>A suggestive disease prevention & control programme follows:<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /><p></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Start with disease free stock.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">V accine chicks against Ranikhet & Merek's disease at Hatchery .<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Use coccidiostal to prevent coccidiosis.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Keep feed free from aflatoxins.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Do not allow visitors or outsiders and attendants inside the poultry house unless they wear disinfected boots and clean clothing.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Cover floor with clean litter at least 3 inches deep.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">All-in-one system of rearing should be followed to ensure minimum disease problems.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Foot-bath provision at the entrance of the farm is must.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Provision of adequate clean and fresh water should be available. </span></p></blockquote><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><div class="separator" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; clear: both; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5446932067936670" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="5739172292" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_2_host" style="background: 0px 0px transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 723px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><iframe allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!3" data-google-query-id="CN7TkYvinPoCFQyHsgodijsF1g" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="0" hspace="0" id="aswift_2" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_2" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-5446932067936670&output=html&h=280&slotname=5739172292&adk=2563942552&adf=4181491243&pi=t.ma~as.5739172292&w=723&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1663431472&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=723x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fhow-can-control-disease-in-broiler.html&host=ca-host-pub-1556223355139109&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMC4xLjAiLCJ4ODYiLCIiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSIsW10sZmFsc2UsbnVsbCwiNjQiLFtbIkdvb2dsZSBDaHJvbWUiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSJdLFsiTm90KUE7QnJhbmQiLCI4LjAuMC4wIl0sWyJDaHJvbWl1bSIsIjEwNS4wLjUxOTUuMTI1Il1dLGZhbHNlXQ..&dt=1663449974227&bpp=7&bdt=2299&idt=1292&shv=r20220914&mjsv=m202209080101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D51c4d475adc258d2-22bc6b02e3d500ba%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MbtW35g5hU6TYab-EK4J9DeCSsrwQ&gpic=UID%3D00000ad6986db7a5%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MYb2Y1B2if51-LYVNdiWgsLlGLabQ&prev_fmts=0x0%2C723x280&nras=1&correlator=5633748034067&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=218789184.1663449975&ga_sid=1663449975&ga_hid=1727840105&ga_fc=0&u_tz=180&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=126&ady=1282&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44759875%2C44759926%2C44759842%2C31068920&oid=2&pvsid=4124662784846848&tmod=979650937&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CpoeEbr%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=3&uci=a!3&btvi=1&fsb=1&xpc=JI8sQN87ck&p=https%3A//www.poultry1.com&dtd=1308" style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 723px;" vspace="0" width="723"></iframe></div></ins>A)Viral chicken disease</span></b><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1)Ranikhet / New Castle Disease</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Af fects all the birds of the farm.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Dif ficulty in breathing.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Nasal dischar ge.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv . Anorexia.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v . Greenish diarrhoea.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">vi. 90-100% mortality </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Pr evention: </span></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Early vaccination with F1 followed by R </span></i></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 6pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </span></i></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">B vaccines </span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Mar ek's Disease</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i. Af fects all the birds.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii. </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Droopy wings, lameness, paralysis.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii. 60- 70% mortality .</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment :</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">No treatment, only early vaccination.</span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">B)Bacterial Diseases </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">–</span></span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1) </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Salmonellisis</span></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i.Chalky white diarrhoea.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii.Pasted vent.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii.Depression. </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">and loss of weight.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv .Sudden death.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v . Af fects all age groups.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Treatment:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; height: auto !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5446932067936670" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="5739172292" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"></ins></span></p><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_3_host" style="background: 0px 0px transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 723px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><iframe allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!4" data-google-query-id="CNm13IvinPoCFVKAsgodOR0F6A" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="0" hspace="0" id="aswift_3" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_3" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-5446932067936670&output=html&h=280&slotname=5739172292&adk=2563942552&adf=840995154&pi=t.ma~as.5739172292&w=723&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1663431472&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=723x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fhow-can-control-disease-in-broiler.html&host=ca-host-pub-1556223355139109&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMC4xLjAiLCJ4ODYiLCIiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSIsW10sZmFsc2UsbnVsbCwiNjQiLFtbIkdvb2dsZSBDaHJvbWUiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSJdLFsiTm90KUE7QnJhbmQiLCI4LjAuMC4wIl0sWyJDaHJvbWl1bSIsIjEwNS4wLjUxOTUuMTI1Il1dLGZhbHNlXQ..&dt=1663449974234&bpp=7&bdt=2306&idt=2099&shv=r20220914&mjsv=m202209080101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D51c4d475adc258d2-22bc6b02e3d500ba%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MbtW35g5hU6TYab-EK4J9DeCSsrwQ&gpic=UID%3D00000ad6986db7a5%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MYb2Y1B2if51-LYVNdiWgsLlGLabQ&prev_fmts=0x0%2C723x280%2C723x280&nras=1&correlator=5633748034067&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=218789184.1663449975&ga_sid=1663449975&ga_hid=1727840105&ga_fc=0&u_tz=180&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=126&ady=2350&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44759875%2C44759926%2C44759842%2C31068920&oid=2&pvsid=4124662784846848&tmod=979650937&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CpoeEbr%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=4&uci=a!4&btvi=2&fsb=1&xpc=pSzDF5VIG7&p=https%3A//www.poultry1.com&dtd=2868" style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 723px;" vspace="0" width="723"></iframe></div>i. Use effective antibiotic (contact nearest veterinary centre).<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii.Recovered birds act as a source of disease and thus better to cull.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Colybacillosis</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Affects all age groups.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) Diarrhoea.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii) Dizziness.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv) Swelling of joints.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v) Oedematous comb and wattle.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">vi) Mortality rate - 90%.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Treatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Antimicrobials (contact nearest veterinary centre).</span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">C)Fungal Diseases </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">-</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Br ooder pneumonia / aspergillosis</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Affects chicks.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) High mortality .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii) Respiratory problem.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv) Swollen eye and head.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Use antifungal (contact nearest veterinary centre).</span></i></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">D)Helminthic Diseases-</span></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Af fects mostly layer birds.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) Inappetance.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii) Poor body growth.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv) Ruf fled feather .</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v) Diarrhoea.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Use anthelmintic every two months (contact nearest veterinary centre)</span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">E)Protozoan Disease </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">s-</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Coccidiosis</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Bloody diarrhoea.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) High mortality rate.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1)Proper management.</span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2)Use anticoccidiosis (contact nearest veterinary centre)</span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">BIO </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">- </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">SECURITY MEASURES IN A BROILER F ARM</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bio-security is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease onto your</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">farm.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bio-security has three major components:</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1.Isolation.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2.T raf fic Control.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">3.Sanitation.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; height: auto !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5446932067936670" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="5739172292" data-ad-status="unfilled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"></ins></span></b></p><div aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_4_host" style="background: 0px 0px transparent; border: none; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; width: 723px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><iframe allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!5" data-google-query-id="CMT_147inPoCFfMA5godtEQNzA" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="0" hspace="0" id="aswift_4" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_4" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-5446932067936670&output=html&h=280&slotname=5739172292&adk=1645821559&adf=4276141125&pi=t.ma~as.5739172292&w=723&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1663431472&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=723x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fhow-can-control-disease-in-broiler.html&host=ca-host-pub-1556223355139109&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&adsid=ChAI8OCVmQYQg7PRh-3Kw7JwEjkAAshaks9vbVctKm_zxgIbBRhbBZC1BouhB3LHIz4NrUgnJGiy9D31MkuMXuAcGWniOw66TGYn7To&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMC4xLjAiLCJ4ODYiLCIiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSIsW10sZmFsc2UsbnVsbCwiNjQiLFtbIkdvb2dsZSBDaHJvbWUiLCIxMDUuMC41MTk1LjEyNSJdLFsiTm90KUE7QnJhbmQiLCI4LjAuMC4wIl0sWyJDaHJvbWl1bSIsIjEwNS4wLjUxOTUuMTI1Il1dLGZhbHNlXQ..&dt=1663449974241&bpp=5&bdt=2313&idt=2980&shv=r20220914&mjsv=m202209080101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D51c4d475adc258d2-22bc6b02e3d500ba%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MbtW35g5hU6TYab-EK4J9DeCSsrwQ&gpic=UID%3D00000ad6986db7a5%3AT%3D1663449948%3ART%3D1663449948%3AS%3DALNI_MYb2Y1B2if51-LYVNdiWgsLlGLabQ&prev_fmts=0x0%2C723x280%2C723x280%2C723x280%2C278x600&nras=1&correlator=5633748034067&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=218789184.1663449975&ga_sid=1663449975&ga_hid=1727840105&ga_fc=0&u_tz=180&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=126&ady=3217&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=624&eid=44759875%2C44759926%2C44759842%2C31068920&oid=2&pvsid=4124662784846848&tmod=979650937&uas=3&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poultry1.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CpoeEbr%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&jar=2022-09-17-21&ifi=5&uci=a!5&btvi=3&fsb=1&xpc=PhOOqMSFQx&p=https%3A//www.poultry1.com&dtd=9881" style="background: 0px 0px; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 723px;" vspace="0" width="723"></iframe></div><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bio-security Measur es </b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span><p></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Fencing </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Keep visitors to a minimum </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Limit visitations to other poultry farms </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Keep all animals and wild birds out of poultry houses </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Practice sound rodent and pest control programs.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Inspect flocks daily and recognize disease symptoms.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">7. Good ventilation and relatively dry litter .</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">8. Keep areas around houses and feed bins clean.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">9. No exchange of feed and equipments .</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">10. Disinfection and sanitisation of poultry house & equipments.</span></b></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Marketing of Br oilers:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Marketing should be planned.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">A successful project will depend on the good market and the price of fered.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p>A suggestive disease prevention & control programme follows:<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Start with disease free stock.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">V accine chicks against Ranikhet & Merek's disease at Hatchery .<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Use coccidiostal to prevent coccidiosis.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Keep feed free from aflatoxins.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Do not allow visitors or outsiders and attendants inside the poultry house unless they wear disinfected boots and clean clothing.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Cover floor with clean litter at least 3 inches deep.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">All-in-one system of rearing should be followed to ensure minimum disease problems.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Foot-bath provision at the entrance of the farm is must.<br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">·</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Provision of adequate clean and fresh water should be available. </span></p></blockquote><p style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> <b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">A)Viral chicken disease</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1)Ranikhet / New Castle Disease</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Af fects all the birds of the farm.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Dif ficulty in breathing.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Nasal dischar ge.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv . Anorexia.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v . Greenish diarrhoea.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">vi. 90-100% mortality </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">· </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Pr evention: </span></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Early vaccination with F1 followed by R </span></i></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 6pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </span></i></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">B vaccines </span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Mar ek's Disease</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i. Af fects all the birds.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii. </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Droopy wings, lameness, paralysis.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii. 60- 70% mortality .</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment :</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">No treatment, only early vaccination.</span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">B)Bacterial Diseases </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">–</span></span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1) </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Salmonellisis</span></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i.Chalky white diarrhoea.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii.Pasted vent.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii.Depression. </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">and loss of weight.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv .Sudden death.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v . Af fects all age groups.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Treatment:</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i. Use effective antibiotic (contact nearest veterinary centre).</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii.Recovered birds act as a source of disease and thus better to cull.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Colybacillosis</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Affects all age groups.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) Diarrhoea.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii) Dizziness.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv) Swelling of joints.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v) Oedematous comb and wattle.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">vi) Mortality rate - 90%.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Treatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Antimicrobials (contact nearest veterinary centre).</span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">C)Fungal Diseases </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">-</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Br ooder pneumonia / aspergillosis</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Affects chicks.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) High mortality .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii) Respiratory problem.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv) Swollen eye and head.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Use antifungal (contact nearest veterinary centre).</span></i></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">D)Helminthic Diseases-</span></b><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Af fects mostly layer birds.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) Inappetance.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iii) Poor body growth.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">iv) Ruf fled feather .</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">v) Diarrhoea.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Use anthelmintic every two months (contact nearest veterinary centre)</span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">E)Protozoan Disease </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">s-</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Coccidiosis</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">i) Bloody diarrhoea.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">ii) High mortality rate.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">T r eatment:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1)Proper management.</span></i></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2)Use anticoccidiosis (contact nearest veterinary centre)</span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">BIO </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">- </span><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">SECURITY MEASURES IN A BROILER F ARM</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bio-security is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease onto your</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">farm.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bio-security has three major components:</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1.Isolation.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2.T raf fic Control.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">3.Sanitation.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Bio-security Measur es </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">:</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="background: 0px 0px; border: none; font-size: 18px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Fencing </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Keep visitors to a minimum </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Limit visitations to other poultry farms </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Keep all animals and wild birds out of poultry houses </span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Practice sound rodent and pest control programs.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Inspect flocks daily and recognize disease symptoms.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">7. Good ventilation and relatively dry litter .</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">8. Keep areas around houses and feed bins clean.</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">9. No exchange of feed and equipments .</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">10. Disinfection and sanitisation of poultry house & equipments.</span></b></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Marketing of Br oilers:</span></b><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Marketing should be planned.</span><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">A successful project will depend on the good market and the price of fered.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">..............................................................</span></p></div></div></article>

How can you control disease in broiler chicken I Mshindo Media

Prevention and Control of disease  in broiler chicken  In poultry industry primarily emphasis is given more on prevention and control than c...

Read more »